Introduction
The global water crisis has reached critical levels, with countries like India and China facing severe challenges in managing their freshwater resources. In India, the declining levels of underground water and increasing demand have led to acute water shortages, particularly during summer months (Jena et al., 2023). Meanwhile, China, as the world's largest irrigator, faces the dual challenge of meeting its agricultural water needs while addressing environmental concerns associated with conventional irrigation methods (Yang et al., 2023).
The growing global water crisis
The global water crisis is exacerbated by the increasing population and harsh effects of climate change, which intensify pressure on agricultural production and water resources (Yang et al., 2023). In China, the world's largest irrigator, conventional irrigation methods not only result in overwatering but also raise the risk of groundwater pollution due to the leaching of chemicals and nutrients from the crop's root zone (Yang et al., 2023).
Significance of water scarcity in India and China
The significance of water scarcity in India and China cannot be overstated, as these two nations collectively account for over one-third of the global population. In India, the declining groundwater levels and increasing demand have led to acute water shortages, affecting approximately 600 million people and resulting in 200,000 deaths annually due to inadequate access to safe water (Jena et al., 2023). Meanwhile, China faces the challenge of balancing its massive agricultural water needs with environmental concerns, as its irrigated area reached 74 million hectares in 2019, accounting for 50.3 percent of the country's total cultivated land (Yang et al., 2023).
Causes of Severe Water Scarcity
The causes of severe water scarcity in India and China are multifaceted, encompassing both natural and anthropogenic factors. In India, rapid urbanization and population growth have led to increased water demand, while inefficient irrigation practices and overexploitation of groundwater resources have further exacerbated the problem (Wu et al., 2023). Meanwhile, China faces challenges related to uneven water distribution, with water-intensive industries concentrated in water-scarce regions, and pollution of surface and groundwater sources further limiting available freshwater resources (Sarkar, 2023).
Climate change and its impact on water resources
Climate change has emerged as a significant factor exacerbating water scarcity in both India and China. In India, shifting monsoon patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events have led to unpredictable rainfall distribution, affecting both surface and groundwater availability (Sebastian, 2022). Meanwhile, China faces similar challenges, with climate change contributing to reduced water availability and increased frequency of droughts and floods, particularly impacting its agricultural sector (Muhammad Safian Bajwa, 2023).
Population growth and urbanization
The rapid population growth and urbanization in India and China have significantly increased water demand, straining already limited resources. In India, the urban population is projected to reach 675 million by 2035, placing immense pressure on water infrastructure and availability (Sharma et al., 2022). Meanwhile, China's urbanization has led to substantial economic growth but has also contributed to environmental problems, including water pollution and increased CO2 emissions (Zhao, 2023).
Agricultural practices and water-intensive industries
In India, the agricultural sector accounts for approximately 80% of the country's total water usage, with inefficient irrigation practices contributing significantly to water depletion (Sharma et al., 2022). Similarly, China's agricultural sector, particularly its extensive irrigated areas, consumes about 70% of the country's water resources, further straining the already limited freshwater supplies (Yang et al., 2023).
Pollution and contamination of water sources
Water pollution and contamination pose significant threats to the already strained water resources in both India and China. In India, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and inadequate wastewater treatment facilities contribute to the degradation of surface and groundwater quality (Mao et al., 2023). Similarly, in China, the rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to severe water pollution issues, with heavy metals and organic pollutants being major concerns for groundwater contamination in urban areas (Badar et al., 2024).
Inefficient water management and infrastructure
In India, inefficient water management and infrastructure contribute significantly to water scarcity, with an estimated 40% of piped water being lost due to leaks and theft (Sarkar, 2023). Similarly, China faces challenges in water infrastructure development, particularly in rural areas where access to safe drinking water remains a concern (Gondhalekar & Drewes, 2021).
Effects of Water Scarcity on a Global Scale
The global water crisis has far-reaching consequences that extend beyond national borders, affecting various sectors and ecosystems worldwide. One significant impact is the potential for increased food insecurity, as water scarcity directly affects agricultural productivity and food production capabilities (Wu et al., 2023). Moreover, the crisis exacerbates existing socio-economic disparities, with marginalized communities often bearing the brunt of water shortages and inadequate access to clean water resources (Sarkar, 2023).
Economic consequences
The water crisis has significant economic ramifications, affecting various sectors and hindering overall economic growth. In India, water scarcity has led to reduced agricultural productivity, impacting rural livelihoods and food security (Galistcheva & Reshchikova, 2023). Similarly, China's economic growth is increasingly constrained by water shortages, particularly in water-intensive industries located in water-scarce regions (Yang et al., 2023).
Agricultural productivity decline
In India, the agricultural sector's heavy reliance on water resources has led to a significant decline in crop yields, particularly in regions affected by severe water scarcity (Sharma et al., 2022). This decline is further exacerbated by the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, such as the 2002 monsoon season, which produced the least amount of precipitation in 130 years, resulting in substantial losses in rice production (García et al., 2020).
Industrial output reduction
In China, water scarcity has led to significant reductions in industrial output, particularly in water-intensive sectors such as textiles, paper production, and chemical manufacturing (Wu et al., 2023). The impact is especially pronounced in regions where water-intensive industries are concentrated in water-scarce areas, exacerbating the economic consequences of the water crisis (Parveen et al., 2023).
Social impacts
The water crisis has profound social impacts, particularly on marginalized communities and vulnerable populations. In India, water scarcity disproportionately affects low-income groups, exacerbating existing socio-economic disparities and leading to increased health risks and reduced quality of life (Sarkar, 2023). Similarly, in China, the uneven distribution of water resources has resulted in differential access to clean water, with rural areas often facing greater challenges in securing safe drinking water supplies .
Health issues and sanitation problems
The lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities has severe health implications in both India and China. In India, waterborne diseases account for 21% of communicable diseases, with an estimated 37.7 million people affected by waterborne diseases annually (Lin & Feng, 2023). Similarly, in China, the inadequate treatment of fecal sludge from newly constructed latrines has led to increased river pollution, potentially offsetting the positive health effects of improved sanitation coverage (Motohashi, 2023).
Displacement and migration
The water crisis has led to significant population displacement and migration patterns in both India and China. In India, water scarcity has contributed to rural-urban migration, with an estimated 330 million people affected by drought conditions in 2016 (Khamjalas, 2024). Similarly, in China, water-related challenges have prompted large-scale resettlement projects, such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which has relocated hundreds of thousands of people (Chen et al., 2023).
Environmental degradation
The water crisis has led to significant environmental degradation in both India and China, affecting ecosystems and biodiversity. In India, the overexploitation of groundwater resources has resulted in land subsidence and saline water intrusion in coastal areas, threatening both agricultural productivity and natural habitats (GILL & Singh, 2024). Meanwhile, China's rapid industrialization has contributed to severe water pollution, with heavy metals and organic pollutants contaminating both surface and groundwater sources, particularly in urban areas .
Ecosystem collapse
The water crisis has led to significant ecosystem degradation in both India and China, particularly affecting aquatic habitats and biodiversity. In India, the overexploitation of water resources has resulted in the drying up of wetlands, such as the Merbil wetland in Assam, which has experienced a decrease in open water and vegetation cover (Lahon et al., 2023). Similarly, in China, the deterioration of water quality in major freshwater bodies like Taihu Lake has had severe impacts on aquatic ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services (L. Zhao, 2023).
Loss of biodiversity
The loss of biodiversity due to water scarcity and pollution has become increasingly evident in both India and China. In India, the deterioration of wetlands and rivers has led to a significant decline in aquatic species diversity, with the Ganges River dolphin population decreasing by 50% over the past three decades (Khamjalas, 2024). Similarly, in China, water pollution and habitat destruction have resulted in the extinction of the Yangtze River dolphin and the near-extinction of the Chinese sturgeon (Kammeyer et al., 2020).
Geopolitical tensions and water conflicts
The water crisis has also led to increasing geopolitical tensions, particularly in regions with shared water resources. In the case of India and China, disputes over transboundary rivers such as the Brahmaputra have become a significant source of bilateral friction (Fernando, 2023). These tensions are further exacerbated by China's upstream dam-building activities, which have raised concerns about water security and potential ecological impacts in downstream countries like India and Bangladesh (A. & B., 2022).
Focus on India
India's water crisis is characterized by severe regional disparities, with some areas experiencing acute shortages while others face the challenge of excess water during monsoons. The country's groundwater resources, which account for 63% of all irrigation water and over 80% of rural and urban domestic water supplies, are under significant stress due to overexploitation and contamination (Sharma et al., 2022). This situation is further exacerbated by the uneven distribution of rainfall, with 50% of precipitation falling in just 15 days and 90% of river flows occurring in only four months of the year (Sarkar, 2023).
Current water crisis situation
India's current water crisis is characterized by severe regional disparities, with some areas experiencing acute shortages while others face challenges of excess water during monsoons. The country's groundwater resources, which account for 63% of all irrigation water and over 80% of rural and urban domestic water supplies, are under significant stress due to overexploitation and contamination (Jena et al., 2023). This situation is further exacerbated by the uneven distribution of rainfall, with 50% of precipitation falling in just 15 days and 90% of river flows occurring in only four months of the year (Jena et al., 2023).
Major causes specific to India
The major causes of water scarcity in India include rapid population growth, urbanization, and inefficient water management practices. Additionally, the country's agricultural sector, which accounts for approximately 80% of total water usage, contributes significantly to water depletion through inefficient irrigation methods . Climate change further exacerbates the situation, with shifting monsoon patterns leading to more frequent droughts and floods, affecting both surface and groundwater availability .
Groundwater depletion
The overexploitation of groundwater resources in India has led to severe consequences, with an estimated depletion rate of 1 to 2 meters per year (Ali et al., 2023). This rapid depletion is particularly concerning in the context of India's agricultural sector, where groundwater accounts for 63% of all irrigation water and over 80% of rural and urban domestic water supplies .
Monsoon variability
The overexploitation of groundwater resources in India has led to severe consequences, with an estimated depletion rate of 1 to 2 meters per year (Ali et al., 2023). This rapid decline is particularly alarming in the context of India's heavy reliance on groundwater for irrigation, which accounts for approximately 90% of the country's agricultural water use (Ali et al., 2023).
Effects on Indian society and economy
The monsoon variability in India has significant implications for water availability and agricultural productivity. In 2002, India experienced its lowest monsoon rainfall in 130 years, resulting in substantial losses in rice production due to freshwater scarcity (García et al., 2020). This extreme event underscores the vulnerability of India's agricultural sector to climate-induced water stress and highlights the urgent need for adaptive water management strategies.
Agricultural stress and farmer suicides
The agricultural stress caused by water scarcity has had severe consequences for Indian farmers, with a significant increase in farmer suicides reported in drought-affected regions (Reddy et al., 2023). In response to this crisis, the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies (WSIT) has emerged as a potential solution, although adoption rates remain low due to factors such as risk aversion among farmers (Ding et al., 2023).
Urban-rural water disparity
The urban-rural water disparity in India is further exacerbated by the uneven distribution of water infrastructure and access to clean water sources. In rural areas, approximately 19% of the population lacks access to clean drinking water, compared to only 4% in urban areas (Sarkar, 2023). This disparity not only affects public health but also contributes to socio-economic inequalities between urban and rural populations.
Government initiatives and challenges
The Indian government has implemented several initiatives to address the water crisis, including the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, which aims to improve water conservation and management practices across the country (Jena et al., 2023). However, these efforts face significant challenges, such as inadequate infrastructure, limited financial resources, and the need for improved coordination between various stakeholders (Palit, 2022).
Focus on China
China's water crisis is characterized by severe regional disparities, with the northern regions experiencing acute water scarcity while the southern regions face challenges related to water pollution and flooding (Hu & Cao, 2014). The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have further exacerbated these issues, leading to increased competition for limited water resources between agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors (Wu et al., 2023).
Overview of water scarcity in China
China's water scarcity is characterized by significant regional disparities, with northern regions experiencing acute shortages while southern areas face challenges related to water pollution and flooding (Hu & Cao, 2014). The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have intensified competition for limited water resources among agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, exacerbating the existing water crisis (Wu et al., 2023).
Unique factors contributing to China's water crisis
China's unique water crisis is further exacerbated by its rapid industrialization and urbanization, which have led to increased competition for limited water resources between agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors (Wu et al., 2023). The country's status as the world's largest irrigator, with an irrigated area reaching 74 million hectares in 2019, accounting for 50.3 percent of China's total cultivated land, underscores the magnitude of its agricultural water demand (Yang et al., 2023).
Rapid industrialization
China's rapid industrialization has led to a significant increase in water-intensive industries, particularly in water-scarce regions, exacerbating the existing water crisis . This misalignment between industrial development and water resource availability has resulted in severe environmental degradation, with heavy metals and organic pollutants contaminating both surface and groundwater sources in urban areas .
North-South water imbalance
China's north-south water imbalance is characterized by severe water scarcity in the north and frequent flooding in the south, exacerbating regional disparities in water resource availability . To address this imbalance, China has implemented large-scale water diversion projects, such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which has led to the relocation of hundreds of thousands of people .
Consequences for Chinese development and society
The water crisis in China has had profound consequences for the country's development and society, affecting various sectors including agriculture, industry, and public health. One significant impact has been the reduction in crop yields and agricultural productivity, particularly in water-scarce regions, which has implications for food security and rural livelihoods (Wu et al., 2023). Additionally, the uneven distribution of water resources has exacerbated regional disparities, with northern China experiencing more severe water shortages compared to the southern regions (Li et al., 2023).
Impact on food security
The water crisis in China has significantly impacted food security, with reduced crop yields and agricultural productivity in water-scarce regions threatening rural livelihoods and national food production . This situation is further exacerbated by the country's status as the world's largest irrigator, with its irrigated area reaching 74 million hectares in 2019, accounting for 50.3 percent of China's total cultivated land (Yang et al., 2023).
Environmental degradation in water-stressed regions
The environmental degradation in water-stressed regions of China has led to severe consequences for ecosystems and biodiversity. In particular, the deterioration of water quality in major freshwater bodies like Taihu Lake has significantly impacted aquatic ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services . This situation is further exacerbated by the rapid industrialization and urbanization, which have contributed to the release of chemical toxins into the environment, nurturing numerous environmental disasters with severe health effects (Ha, 2020).
China's water management strategies and their effectiveness
China has implemented several water management strategies to address its water crisis, including the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies (WSIT) (Yang et al., 2023). However, these efforts face significant challenges, such as the high costs associated with large-scale infrastructure projects and the low adoption rates of WSIT among farmers due to risk aversion .
Comparative Analysis: India and China
This comparative analysis reveals both similarities and differences in the water crises faced by India and China. While both countries grapple with regional disparities in water availability, China's rapid industrialization has led to a more pronounced concentration of water-intensive industries in water-scarce regions . In contrast, India's water crisis is exacerbated by its heavy reliance on groundwater for irrigation, with an estimated 63% of all irrigation water sourced from underground aquifers (Jena et al., 2023).
Similarities and differences in water scarcity challenges
Both India and China face significant challenges in managing their water resources, with regional disparities and competing demands from various sectors exacerbating the crisis. However, China's water scarcity is further complicated by its rapid industrialization, which has led to a concentration of water-intensive industries in water-scarce regions (Wu et al., 2023). In contrast, India's water crisis is primarily driven by its heavy reliance on groundwater for irrigation, with an estimated 63% of all irrigation water sourced from underground aquifers (Yang et al., 2023).
Lessons learned and potential for collaboration
Both India and China have implemented large-scale water management projects to address their respective water crises, with China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project and India's Jal Shakti Abhiyan serving as prominent examples . However, these initiatives face significant challenges, including high implementation costs, environmental concerns, and the need for improved coordination among stakeholders .
Global Implications and Future Outlook
The global implications of the water crises in India and China extend beyond their borders, affecting international trade, food security, and geopolitical stability. As two of the world's largest economies and most populous nations, their water management strategies and policies have far-reaching consequences for global water governance and sustainable development efforts (Yang et al., 2023a).
Potential global repercussions of water scarcity in India and China
The potential global repercussions of water scarcity in India and China extend beyond their borders, affecting international trade, food security, and geopolitical stability. As two of the world's largest economies and most populous nations, their water management strategies and policies have far-reaching consequences for global water governance and sustainable development efforts (Yang et al., 2023a). The increasing pressure on agricultural production due to population growth and climate change has intensified the need for sustainable water management practices, particularly in irrigation systems (Yang et al., 2023).
Innovative solutions and technologies
To address these challenges, both countries have explored innovative solutions and technologies. One promising approach is the implementation of drip irrigation systems, which have shown potential to increase water use efficiency while reducing fertilizer leaching and soil salinity (Yang et al., 2023). Additionally, the adoption of advanced data collection and decision support technologies can help optimize water management practices and promote more sustainable water use across various sectors (Kram et al., 2023).
International cooperation and policy recommendations
International cooperation and policy recommendations for addressing the water crises in India and China require a multifaceted approach that considers the unique challenges faced by each country. One promising avenue for collaboration is the exchange of knowledge and best practices in water-saving irrigation technologies, such as drip irrigation systems, which have shown potential to increase water use efficiency while reducing fertilizer leaching and soil salinity (Yang et al., 2023). Additionally, fostering dialogue and cooperation on transboundary water issues, particularly in shared river basins like the Yaluzangbu-Brahmaputra, could help mitigate potential conflicts and promote sustainable water management practices (Feng et al., 2019).
Conclusion
To address these challenges, both countries have explored innovative solutions and technologies, with a particular focus on improving water use efficiency in agriculture. One promising approach is the implementation of drip irrigation systems, which have shown potential to increase water productivity while reducing fertilizer leaching and soil salinity (Yang et al., 2023). This technology is especially relevant for China, as the world's largest irrigator, with its irrigated area reaching 74 million hectares in 2019, accounting for 50.3 percent of the country's total cultivated land (Yang et al., 2023).
Summary of key findings
The implementation of drip irrigation systems has shown promising results in increasing water use efficiency and crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. In China, studies have demonstrated that drip irrigation can significantly improve water productivity and decrease fertilizer leaching, making it a viable solution for addressing water scarcity in agricultural regions (Yang et al., 2023).
Call to action for addressing global water scarcity
To address the global water crisis, a call to action is necessary for governments, organizations, and individuals to implement sustainable water management practices and innovative technologies. One promising approach is the widespread adoption of drip irrigation systems, which have demonstrated significant improvements in water productivity and reduced environmental impacts in agricultural regions of China (Yang et al., 2023).
References
Jena, M. C., Mishra, S., & Moharana, H. S. (2023). Water Sustainability Initiatives to Meet the Water Crisis in India. Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Updates.
Yang, P., Wu, L., Cheng, M., Fan, J., Li, S., dong Hai-Wang, & Qian, L. (2023a). Review on Drip Irrigation: Impact on Crop Yield, Quality, and Water Productivity in China. Water.
Wu, C., Liu, W., & Deng, H. (2023). Urbanization and the Emerging Water Crisis: Identifying Water Scarcity and Environmental Risk with Multiple Applications in Urban Agglomerations in Western China. Sustainability.
Sarkar, S. (2023). Urban water crisis and the promise of infrastructure: a case study of Shimla, India. Frontiers in Water, 5.
Sebastian, T. (2022). A ‘Chennai’ in Every City of the World: The Lethal Mix of the Water Crisis, Climate Change, and Governance Indifference. Law, Technology and Humans.
Muhammad Safian Bajwa, K. H., Muhammad Imtiaz Khan. (2023). CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CRISIS, CONSEQUENCES ON AGRICULTURE AND HYDROLOGICAL JUSTICE: CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs.
Sharma, S., Kanaujia, A., Banerjee, S., & Malik, S. (2022). Review of Water Crisis and Managemental Scope in India. Ecology, Environment & Conservation.
Zhao, L. (2023). The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Urbanization in China. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management.
Mao, X., Zhang, S., Wang, S., Li, T., Hu, S., & Zhou, X. (2023). Evaluation of Human Health Risks Associated with Groundwater Contamination and Groundwater Pollution Prediction in a Landfill and Surrounding Area in Kaifeng City, China. Water.
Badar, M. S., Ali, S., Daniyal, Akram, M. W., Faheem, K., Khan, S. U., & Farooqi, I. (2024). GIS-based assessment of groundwater vulnerability to heavy metal contamination via water quality pollution indices in urban Aligarh, India. Water Practice & Technology.
Gondhalekar, D., & Drewes, J. (2021). Infrastructure Shaming and Consequences for Management of Urban WEF Security Nexus in China and India. Water.
Galistcheva, N., & Reshchikova, M. (2023). India and China in South Asia: Struggle for Political and Economic Influence in the Region. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Asian and African Studies.
García, L., Parra, L., Jiménez, J. M., Lloret, J., & Lorenz, P. (2020). IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture. Italian National Conference on Sensors, 20.
Parveen, S., Khan, S., Kamal, M., Abbas, M. A., Syed, A. A., & Grima, S. (2023). The Influence of Industrial Output, Financial Development, and Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy on Environmental Degradation in Newly Industrialized Countries. Sustainability.
Lin, J., & Feng, X. (2023). Exploring the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), early adequate feeding and access to health care on urban–rural disparities of child malnutrition in China. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 19.
Motohashi, K. (2023). Unintended Consequences of Sanitation Investment: Negative Externalities on Water Quality and Health in India. Social Science Research Network.
Khamjalas, K. (2024). Estimating Rural Premium and Financial Crisis Effect on the Nexuses between Food, Energy, and Water Consumption on Urban-Rural Income Gap in South–Eastern Asian Countries Using Pooled Regression Analysis. American Journal of Applied Statistics and Economics.
Chen, J., Huang, Z., Yao, G., & Fan, H. (2023). Gas–Water Characteristics of Tight Sandstone in Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin under Different Charging Models. Processes.
GILL, DR. P. K., & Singh, S. (2024). Environmental Crisis in Punjab in Context of Agriculture: Role of the State and Central Government. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research.
Lahon, D., Sahariah, D., Debnath, J., Nath, N., Meraj, G., Kumar, P., Hashimoto, S., & Farooq, M. (2023). Assessment of Ecosystem Service Value in Response to LULC Changes Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study in the Merbil Wetland of the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 12, 165.
Zhao, Q., & Wang, Q.-S. (2021). Water Ecosystem Service Quality Evaluation and Value Assessment of Taihu Lake in China. Water.
Kammeyer, C., Hamilton, R., & Morrison, J. I. (2020). Averting the Global Water Crisis: Three Considerations for a New Decade of Water Governance. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 21, 105–113.
Fernando, H. (2023). Geopolitical Issues and Trajectories of Water Security in South Asia. South Asian Survey, 30, 32–44.
A., K. T., & B., S. (2022). Intensified geopolitical conflicts and herding behavior: An evidence from selected Nifty sectoral indices during India-China tensions in 2020. Investment Management & Financial Innovations.
Ali, Z., Hamed, M., Nashwan, M. S., & Shahid, S. (2023). Spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater resources sustainability in South Asia and China using GLDAS data sets. Environmental Earth Sciences, 82.
Reddy, A. A., Bhattacharya, A., & Reddy, V. (2023). Significance of Farmers’ Distress Index in Reducing Agrarian Crisis: An Approach to Study Vulnerability in the Context of Dryland Farmers in India. Social Science Research Network.
Ding, X., Qian, L., Li, L., & Sarkar, A. (2023). The Impact of Technical Training on Farmers Adopting Water-Saving Irrigation Technology: An Empirical Evidence from China. Agriculture.
Palit, K. (2022). COMMUNITY INITIATIVES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A RAY OF HOPE FOR INDIA? EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.
Hu, J., & Cao, Z. (2014). Water science on the molecular scale: new insights into the characteristics of water. National Science Review, 1, 179–181.
Li, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, N., Zhang, X., Tian, J., Zhang, L., McVicar, T., Wang, E., & Xu, J. (2023). Increased Grain Crop Production Intensifies the Water Crisis in Northern China. Earth’s Future, 11.
Ha, A. (2020). Progressing Towards Environmental Health Targets in China: A Systematic Review of Achievements in Air and Water Pollution under the “Ecological Civilization and the Beautiful China” Dream.
Yang, P., Wu, L., Cheng, M., Fan, J., Li, S., dong Hai-Wang, & Qian, L. (2023b). Review on Drip Irrigation: Impact on Crop Yield, Quality, and Water Productivity in China. Water.
Kram, M., Loáiciga, H., Widdowson, M., Mendez, E., Solgi, R., & Lamar, M. (2023). Resolving the Water Crisis: There’s a Way, But Is There the Will? Ground Water, 61.
Feng, Y., Wang, W., & Liu, J. (2019). Dilemmas in and Pathways to Transboundary Water Cooperation between China and India on the Yaluzangbu-Brahmaputra River. Water.